Articles
Why AI Models Hallucinate
Hallucination isn't a malfunction: benchmarks reward confident guessing and penalise "I don't know", so training selects for it. Purpose-built retrieval tools sold as hallucination-free still fabricate 17–33% of the time.
What Is an AI Agent?
The textbook taxonomy of five agent types won't help you ship anything. The distinction that does: in a workflow you wrote the path, in an agent the model chooses it — and everything hard about agents follows from that.
RAG vs Fine-Tuning vs Prompt Engineering
They fix different problems: prompting changes what you ask, RAG changes what the model knows, fine-tuning changes how it behaves. Research shows RAG consistently beats fine-tuning for knowledge — start cheap and escalate on evidence.
Prompt Injection: Why It Isn't a Bug You Can Patch
There is no prepared statement for natural language. Prompt injection is a property of how models work, not a defect — so the only durable defence is architectural. The lethal trifecta, what fails, and what to do instead.
How to Build an MCP Server
Most MCP tutorials predate the 2026-07-28 revision, which replaced the init handshake with server/discover and deprecated sampling and logging. What to build now, why the tool description is the hard part, and the security you can't skip.
How to Prompt Open-Source and Challenger Models
A practical guide to prompting Llama, DeepSeek, Mistral, Grok, and Qwen — chat templates, system prompt quirks, and self-hosting.
How to Prompt Google's Gemini Models
A practical, accurate guide to prompting Gemini 3 and 2.5: system instructions, long context, multimodal input, JSON mode, and thinking levels.
How to Prompt OpenAI's GPT Models
A practical, docs-grounded guide to prompting GPT-5.x: role hierarchy, structured outputs, tool calling, and reasoning-model differences.
How to Prompt Claude (Opus, Sonnet, and Haiku)
A practical, docs-grounded guide to prompting Claude Opus, Sonnet, and Haiku — XML tags, thinking, caching, and tool use.
How to Prompt the Top AI Models
Claude, GPT, Gemini, and open/challenger models each reward different prompting. A side-by-side comparison of setup, reasoning, tools, and caching.